Endurance exercise induces a greater oxidative capacity (enzymes) compared to resistance exercise, which induces fiber hypertrophy (myofibrils). Individuals who exercise respond differently when resistance and endurance types of contractions are compared. Strenuous exercise provokes increased proteolysis and decreased protein synthesis, the opposite occurring during the recovery period. There are different fractional synthesis rates in skeletal muscle and tendon tissues, but there is no major difference between collagen and myofibrillar protein synthesis. Stable isotopic tracers ( 13C-lysine, 15N-glycine, 2H 5-phenylalanine) and arteriovenous differences have been used in studies of skeletal muscle and collagen tissues under resting and exercise conditions. Noninvasive and invasive techniques have been applied to determine amino acid catabolism and muscle protein building at rest, during exercise and during the recovery period after a single experiment or training sessions. As for any cell or tissue, total muscle protein reflects a dynamic turnover between net protein synthesis and degradation. Skeletal muscle is the major deposit of protein molecules. Pereira-Lancha 2 andġLaboratory for Biometry and Sport Nutrition, Faculty of Motor Sciences, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, BelgiumĢDepartamento de Nutrição, Instituto Vita, São Paulo, SP, BrasilģLaboratório de Nutrição Aplicada à Atividade Motora, Escola de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil Protein turnover, amino acid requirements and recommendations for athletes and active populations Protein metabolism Synthesis Supplementation Essential amino acidsĪbstract Introduction References Acknowledgmentsīraz J Med Biol Res, October 2012, Volume 45(10) 875-890 As suggested in several publications, a bolus of 15-20 g protein (from skimmed milk or whey proteins) and carbohydrate (± 30 g maltodextrine) drinks is needed immediately after stopping exercise to stimulate muscle protein and tendon collagen turnover within 1 h. Muscular activities promote a cascade of signals leading to the stimulation of eukaryotic initiation of myofibrillar protein synthesis. Nitrogen balance (difference between protein intake and protein degradation) for athletes is usually balanced when the intake of protein reaches 1.2 g Stable isotopic tracers (13C-lysine, 15N-glycine, ²H5-phenylalanine) and arteriovenous differences have been used in studies of skeletal muscle and collagen tissues under resting and exercise conditions.
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